Everything about Reflexive Pronoun totally explained
A
reflexive pronoun is a
pronoun that's preceded by the noun or pronoun to which it refers (its antecedent) within the same clause. In
generative grammar, a
reflexive pronoun is an
anaphor that must be bound by its
antecedent (see
binding). In some languages, there's a difference between
reflexive and non-reflexive
pronouns; but the exact conditions that determine whether something is bound are not yet well defined and depend on the language in question.
In
English, the reflexive pronouns are,,,,,,,,, and . In the statements "
I see
him" and "
She sees
you", the objects are not the same persons as the subjects, and regular pronouns are used. However, when the person being seen is the same as the person who is seeing, the reflexive pronoun is used: "
I see
myself" or "
She sees
herself".
Origins and usage
In
Indo-European languages, the reflexive pronoun has its origins in
Proto-Indo-European. In some languages, the distinction between the normal objective and the reflexive pronouns exists mainly in the third person: whether one says "I like me" or "I like myself", there's no question that the object is the same person as the subject; but, in "They like them(selves)", there can be uncertainty about the identity of the object unless a distinction exists between the reflexive and the nonreflexive. In some languages, this distinction includes
genitive forms: see, for instance, the Swedish examples below.
In languages with a distinct reflexive pronoun form, it's often
gender-neutral.
Non-standard usage in English
Sometimes, the reflexive pronoun is added to highlight its antecedent. A reflexive pronoun used in this
appositive way is called an
intensive pronoun and, in English, is accepted as standard: for example, "I,
myself, wrote this" and "We gave the card to our parents,
themselves".
It is increasingly common to use reflexive pronouns without local linguistic antecedents to refer to discourse participants or people already referenced in a discourse: for example, "Please, forward the information to
myself". Such formulations are usually considered non-standard. Within the linguistics literature, reflexives with discourse antecedents are often referred to as "logophors". Standard English does allow the use of logophors in some contexts: for example, "John was angry. Embarrassing pictures of himself were on display". However, within Standard English, this logophoric use of reflexives is generally limited to positions where the reflexive doesn't have a coargument. The newer non-standard usage doesn't respect this limitation. In some cases, reflexives without local antecedents may be better analyzed as emphatic pronouns without any true reflexive sense.
It is common in some subsets of the English-speaking population to use standard
objective pronouns to express reflexive relations, especially in the first and sometimes second persons, and especially for a recipient: for example, "I want to get
me some supper." This usage is non-standard.
Reflexive pronouns in languages other than English
Danish examples
- Jeg beskytter ham. (I protect him.)
- Han beskytter ham. (He protects him. Him designates a person other than the one designated by He.)
- Han beskytter sig (selv). (He protects himself.)
In Danish, there's also a difference between normal and reflexive genetives:
Anna gav Maria hendes bog. (Anna gave her [Maria's] book to Maria.)
Anna gav Maria sin bog. (Anna gave her [Anna's] book to Maria.)
The Esperanto reflexive pronoun is si, or sia for the possessive (to which can be added -j for plural agreement and -n for direct object).
Li legas liajn librojn. (He reads his (someone else's) books.)
Li legas siajn librojn. (He reads his (own) books.)
Ŝi legas siajn librojn. (She reads her (own) books.)
Ili legas siajn librojn. (They read their (own) books.)
Li amas lin. (He loves him (someone else).)
Li amas sin. (He loves himself.)
Li rimarkis ŝian amon al si. (He noticed her love for herself (reflexive).)
Li rimarkis ŝian amon al li. (He noticed her love for him (using a normal pronoun).)
Li rimarkis sian amon al si. (He noticed his (own, reflexive) love for himself (reflexive).)
Li rimarkis sian amon al li. (He noticed his (own, reflexive) love for him (someone else, not reflexive).)
Li diras, ke la hundo lavas sian vizaĝon. (He says that the dog is washing its (the dog's) face.)
Li diras, ke la hundo lavas lian vizaĝon. (He says that the dog is washing his (the speaker's or someone else's, but not the dog's) face.)
French examples
In French, moi-même, toi-même, lui-même/elle-même/soi-même, nous-mêmes, vous-mêmes and eux-mêmes/elles-mêmes. However Canadian French use nous-autres and vous-autres respectively.
In Icelandic
There is only one reflexive pronoun in Icelandic and that's the word . It doesn't differ between genders nor number.
The reflexive pronouns are as such:
Reflexive pronoun: sig (himself/itself/herself/themselves)
: sinn (his/her/its/their)
Examples
The reflexive pronoun refers to the third person:
Hann talar um sig. (masc. sing.) (He talks about himself)
Þeir tala um sig. (masc. plur.) (They talk about themselves)
Stúlkan flýtti sér heim. (fem. sing.) (the girl hurried [herself] home)
Þær flýttu sér heim. (neut. plur.) (they [thegirls] hurried [themselves] home)
Barnið naut sín. (neut. sing.) (the child enjoyed itself)
Börnin nutu sín. (neut. plur.) (the children enjoyed themselves)
In Latin
There only exists one reflexive pronoun in Latin, and that's the word se. It is declined in all cases exept nominative and vocative.
Example
per se
Novial examples
(Novial is a constructed language, mostly based on Romance languages.)
Lo vida lo. (He sees him.)
Lo vida se. (He sees himself.)
Anna donad lan libre a Maria. (Anna gave her [Maria's] book to Maria.)
Anna donad sen libre a Maria. (Anna gave her [Anna's] book to Maria.)
Portuguese examples
Quando ele o ver. (When he sees him.)
Quando ele se ver. (When he sees himself.)
Russian examples
Он любит свою жену. On ljubit svoju zhenu. (He loves his wife (his own).)
Он любит его жену. On ljubit evo zhenu (He loves his wife (someone else's).)
Serbian examples
Ana je dala Mariji njenu knjigu. (Ana gave her [Maria's] book to Maria.)
Ana je dala Mariji svoju knjigu. (Ana gave her [Ana's] book to Maria.)
Spanish examples
Él lo ve. (He sees him.)
Él se ve. (He sees himself.)
Swedish examples
Jag ser honom. (I see him.)
Han ser honom. (He sees him. Him designates a person other than the one designated by He.)
Han ser sig [själv]. (He sees himself.)
In Swedish, there's also a difference between normal and reflexive genitives:
Anna gav Maria hennes bok. (Anna gave her [Maria's] book to Maria.)
Anna gav Maria sin bok. (Anna gave her [Anna's] book to Maria.)
Further Information
Get more info on 'Reflexive Pronoun'.
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